Critical Reflections on De-Radicalisation in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26618/ojip.v10i1.3097Keywords:
De-Radicalisation, Indonesia, Muslim, Radicalisation, TerrorismAbstract
Since 9/11 western and non-western governments have implemented counter-counter terrorism and de-radicalisation programs to “inoculate Muslim populations” and de-radicalise those deemed as radicalised through securitization and “moderate Islam”. The Indonesian government and civil society organizations have attempted to address radicalisation by setting up counter-radicalisation and de-radicalisation programs. This paper will critically reflect on the Indonesian de-radicalisation programs. It will first critically discuss the terms radicalisation and de-radicalisation. Then critically assess the Indonesian de-radicalisation programs. In the final section, the author suggests that Indonesia needs to introduce humanitarian activities to make the de-radicalisation programs more effective and overcome labelling and stigmatization.
References
Abuza, Z. (2009). The rehabilitation of Jemaah Islamiyah detainees in South East Asia. In: Bjørgo, T. & Horgan, J.G. Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. US: Routledge.
Agnew, R. (2010). A general strain theory of terrorism. Theoretical Criminology. 14(2).
Anindya, R. C. (2018). The Deradicalisation Programme for Indonesian Deportees: A Vacuum in Coordination. Journal of Deradicalization. 18.
Appleby, N. (2010). Labelling the innocent: how government counter-terrorism advice creates labels that contribute to the problem. Critical Studies on Terrorism. 3(3).
Aslam, M.M., Othman, I.B. & Rosili, N.A.K. (2016) De-Radicalization Programs in South-East Asia: A Comparative Study of Rehabilitation Programs in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia & Singapore. Journal of Education and Social Sciences. 4. 154-160.
Associated Press. (2012, Feb 3). A look at major terror attacks in Southeast Asia. The Inquirer, 3rd February. Available from: https://www.inquirer.net/?utm_expid=.XqNwTug2W6nwDVUSgFJXed.1 (accessed January 2019).
BBC. (2019). UK terror threat level: Risk from right-wing extremists to inform system. The BBC, 23rd July. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49088293 (accessed September 2019)
BBC. (2018). Surabaya church attacks: Indonesian family of bombers 'had been to Syria'. The BBC, 14th May. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44101070 (accessed January 2019)
Borum, R. & Fein, R. (2017). The Psychology of Foreign Fighters. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 40(3).
Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories. Journal of Strategic Security. 4(4).
Butcher, B & Luxen, M. (2019). How prevalent is far-right extremism? The BBC, 19th March. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47626859 (accessed August 2019)
Chan, F. (2016, Oct 27). Indonesia sees more lone-wolf terror attacks. The Straits Times, 27th October. Available from: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-sees-more-lone-wolf-terror-attacks (accessed March 2019)
Cherney, A. & Murphy, K. (2017). Police and Community Cooperation in Counterterrorism: Evidence and Insights from Australia. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 40(12).
Clubb, G. (2009). Re-evaluating the Disengagement Process: the Case of Fatah. Perspectives on Terrorism. 3(3).
Chassman, A. (2016). Islamic State, Identity, and the Global Jihadist Movement: How is Islamic State successful at recruiting “ordinary” people?. Journal for Deradicalization. 9. 205-259.
Demant, F. & Graaf, B. D. (2010) How to Counter Radical Narratives: Dutch Deradicalization Policy in the Case of Moluccan and Islamic Radicals. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 33. 408-428.
El-Said, H. (2015). New Approaches to Countering Terrorism. UK: Palgrave McMillan.
Ganor, B. (2002) Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s Freedom Fighter?. Police Practice and Research. 3(4). 287-304.
Habulan, A., Taufiqurrohman, M., Fata, B.S., Prasetya, A.P., Jani, M.H.B., Bashar, I., Zhi’An, F. & Yasin, N.A.M. (2018) Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses: Southeast Asia: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Online Extremism. A Journal of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research. 10(1).
Hegghammer, T. & Wagemaker, J. (2013) The Palestine Effect: The Role of Palestinians in the Transnational Jihad Movement. Welt des Islams. 53(3).
Horgan, J,. & Braddock, K. (2010). Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-radicalization Programs. Terrorism and Political Violence. 22(2). 267-291.
Horgan, J. (2008). Deradicalization or disengagement? A process in need of clarity and a counterterrorism initiative in need of evaluation. International Journal of Social Psychology. 24(2).
Horgan, J. (2008). Deradicalization or Disengagement?. Perspectives on Terrorism. 2(2).
Hoskins, A. & O’Loughlin, B. (2009). Media and the Myth of Radicalization. Media, War & Conflict. 2(2).
Hwang, J, Chernov. (2018). Why Terrorists Quit: The Disengagement of Indonesian Jihadists. New York: Cornell University.
Hwang, J, Chernov., Panggabean, R. & Fauzi, A. I. (2013). The Disengagement of Jihadis in Poso, Indonesia. Asian Review. 53(4)
Irwin, N. (2015). The complexity of responding to home-grown terrorism: radicalization, de-radicalization and disengagement. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism. 10(2), 166-175
Istiqomah, M. (2011). Proceedings from Australian Counter Terrorism Conference: De-radicalization program in Indonesian prisons: Reformation on the correctional institution, Australia. Perth: Edith Cowan University.
Jones, S. (2018). How ISIS Has Changed Terrorism in Indonesia. The New York Times, 22nd May. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/opinion/isis-terrorism-indonesia-women.html (accessed March 2019).
Koehler, D. (2017). Understanding deradicalization: methods, tools and programs for countering violent extremism. U.S: Routledge.
Kruglanski, W. A., Gelfand, J. M., Bélanger, J. J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., & Gunaratna, R. (2014). The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism. Advances in Political Psychology. 35(1).
Kuhle, L. & Lindekilde, L. (2012). Radicalisation and the Limits of Tolerance: A Danish Case-Study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 38(10), 1607-1623.
Kundnani, A. (2014). The Muslims Are Coming!. London: Verso.
Lutz, B. J. & Lutz, J. M. (2015). Globalisation and Terrorism in the Middle East. Perspectives on Terrorism. 9(5), 27-46.
Lynch, O. (2013). British Muslim youth: radicalization, terrorism and the construction of the “other”. Critical Studies on Terrorism. 6(2).
Mcbeth, J. (2019). ISIS headed home to Indonesia. Asia Times, 21st June. Available from: https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/06/article/isis-headed-home-to-indonesia/ (accessed July 2019)
Malet, D. (2015). Foreign Fighter Mobilization and Persistence in a Global Context. Terrorism and Political Violence. 27(3), 454-473.
Mazlan, S, A., Manaf, A., Zuraidah, Z., & Aslam, M. M. M. (2017). Radicalism and Extremism: Selected Works. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education.
Muhanna-Matar, A. (2017). The limit-experience and self-deradicalization: the example of radical Salafi youth in Tunisia. Critical Studies on Terrorism. 10(3).
Mustapha, J. (2013). The Mujahideen in Bosnia: the foreign fighter as cosmopolitan citizen and/or terrorist. Citizenship Studies. 17(6-7), 742-755.
Nasser-Eddine, M., Garnham, B., Agostino, K., & Caluya, G. (2011). Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Literature Review, March 2011, Australia, DSTO Defence Science and Technology Organisation.
Nilsson, M. (2015). Foreign Fighters and the Radicalization of Local Jihad: Interview Evidence from Swedish Jihadists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 38(5), 343-358.
Neuman, P. (2013). The Trouble with Radicalization. International Affairs. 89(4).
Osman, S. (2014). Radicalization, recidivism and rehabilitation: convicted terrorists and Indonesian prisons. In. Silke, A. Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism: Critical Issues in Management, Radicalisation and Reform. U.S: Routledge.
Pettinger, T. (2017). De-radicalization and Counter-radicalization: Valuable Tools Combating Violent Extremism, or Harmful Methods of Subjugation?. Journal for Deradicalization. 12.
Power, C. (2018). We have four generations of former terrorists here today': Rehabilitating extremists in Indonesia. Los Angeles Times, 20th April. Available from: https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-indonesia-deradicalization-2018-story.html (accessed July 2019)
Prevent UK. (2011). British Government. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/prevent-strategy-2011 (accessed March 2019)
Rabasa, A., Pettyjohn, S. L., Ghez, J. J., & Boucek, C. (2010). Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. RAND Corporation.
Rabasa, A., Benard, C., Shwartz, H, Lowell., & Sickle, P. (2006) Building Moderate Muslim Networks. RAND Corporation.
Ramakrishna, K. (2014). The “Three Rings” of terrorist rehabilitation and counter-idelogical work in Singapore: a decade on. In: Silke, A. (1st ed.). Prisons, Terrorism and Extremism: Critical Issues in Management, Radicalisation and Reform . USA: Routledge,.
Sageman, M. (2017). Misunderstanding Terrorism. Pennysylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sageman, M. (2014). The Stagnation in Terrorism Research. Terrorism and Political Violence. 26(4), 565-580.
Schmid, A. (2013). Radicalisation, De-Radicalisation, Counter-Radicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. Netherlands: The Hague.
Schuurman, M. & Taylor, M. (2018). Reconsidering Radicalization: Fanaticism and the Link Between Ideas and Violence. Perspectives on Terrorism. 12(1).
Sedgewick, M. (2010). The concept of radicalization as a source of confusion. Terrorism and Political Violence. 22(4), 479-494.
Silke, A. & Veldhuis, T. (2017). Countering Violent Extremism in Prisons: A Review of Key Recent Research and Critical Research Gaps. Perspectives on Terrorism. 11 (5).
Silke, A,. (2011). Disengagement or Deradicalization: A Look at Prison Programs for Jailed Terrorists. CTC Sentinel. 4(1).
Silva, M. D. (2018). ‘Radicalisation: the journey of a concept’, revisited. Race & Class. A Journal on Racism, Empire and Globalisation. 59(1)
Singh, J. (2016). Danger of Southeast Asian Jihadi Returnees: Need for an ASEAN-wide policy. RSIS. Available from: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/icpvtr/co16007-danger-of-southeast-asian-jihadi-returnees-need-for-an-asean-wide-policy/#.XA9adhMzbow (accessed January 2019)
Sukabdi, Z. A. (2015) Terrorism in Indonesia: A Review on Rehabilitation and Deradicalization. Journal of Terrorism Research. 6(2), 36-56.
Sumpter, C. (2018). Returning Indonesian Extremists: Unclear Intentions and Unprepared Responses. ICCT Policy Brief
Sumpter, C. (2017). Countering violent extremism in Indonesia: priorities, practice and the role of civil society. Journal for Deradicalization. 11, 112-147.
Tan, A. (2003). Southeast Asia as the ‘second front’ in the war against terrorism: evaluating the threat and responses. Terrorism and Political Violence. 15(2), 112-138
Tackling Extremism. (2013). Tackling extremism in the UK: report by the Extremism Taskforce. British Government. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tackling-extremism-in-the-uk-report-by-the-extremism-taskforce (accessed January 2019)
The Soufan Group. (2015). Foreign Fighters: An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq. New York: The Soufan Group.
Tyler, T. R,. Schulhofer, S,. & Huq, A, Z. (2010). Legitimacy and deterrence effects in counterterrorism policing: A study of Muslim Americans. Law & Society Review. 44(2).
Westerman, A. (2017). How Big A Threat Is Extremism In Southeast Asia? NPR. Available from: https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/06/11/530949383/how-big-a-threat-is-extremism-in-southeast-asia (accessed March 2019)
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
The Editorial Team of Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan reserves the right to transfer the copyright of the article once it has been accepted and a decision has been made to publish it.
Department of Government Studies, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar in collaboration with Muhammadiyah’s College Association of Government Studies (AIPPTM) and Asia Pacific Society for Public Affairs (APSPA) as the publisher of Otoritas: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan holds the copyright of all articles published in this journal.
The Publisher holds the right to reproduce and distribute the article and author is not allowed to publish the same article published in this journal.
Statement of Authenticity and Manuscript Copyright can be downloaded: here
After filling in the statement letter, please send via e-mail: otoritas@unismuh.ac.id
