Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, with registered number ISSN 2088-3706 (Print), ISSN 2502-9320 (Online), is an internationally peer-reviewed open access journal published triannual in April, August and December by Department of Government Studies, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar in collaboration with Muhammadiyah’s College Association of Government Studies (AIPPTM) and Asia Pacific Society for Public Affairs (APSPA). Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan aims to publishes significant and cutting-edge research drawn from all areas of politics and governmental studies and promotes scholarly, theoretical, pragmatic, and contemporary research, which makes a clear conceptual and methodological contribution to existing international literature. The articles published in Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan have been double blind-reviewed by international peer reviewers. The decision on whether the scientific article is accepted or not in this journal will be the Editorial Board’s right based on peer reviewer's recommendation. Please read and understand the author guidelines thoroughly. Author who submits a manuscript to the editors of Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan should comply with the author guidelines. If the submitted manuscript does not comply with the guidelines or using a different format, it will be rejected by the editorial team before being reviewed. Editorial Team will only accept a manuscript that meets the specified formatting requirements. The journal registered in the CrossRef with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.26618.
Department of Government Studies, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar
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Strategy for integrating data on demographic to accelerate digital transformation in Makassar City, Indonesia
This study examines Makassar, Indonesia, as an example of accelerated demographic data integration. The uniqueness of this study lies in the application of SWOT-based diagnostics in qualitative research to map, within a single analytical framework, the conditions that facilitate and the obstacles that shape the speed and quality of data integration across various institutions. A qualitative approach was used to reveal and discuss strategies for accelerating demographic data integration to support digital transformation. The analysis shows that the application of information technology, inter-agency collaboration, and systematic human resource capacity building are determining factors for acceleration. The results of the study found that the main challenges include data privacy issues, system interoperability, and resistance to change. The contribution of this study provides insights into data integration strategies to support more effective and efficient digital transformation in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Collaborative governance in green tourism village administration in Bali through SIDeWi*HuB
This study examines collaborative governance in Bali’s Green Tourism Villages (Desa Wisata Hijau, DWH) as a strategy for post–COVID-19 rural tourism sustainability amid urban hotel oversupply and environmental degradation. A mixed-methods design was employed, combining quantitative survey data from 126 respondents across 28 tourism villages with qualitative–secondary analysis of policy documents, tourism statistics, and environmental reports to contextualize empirical findings beyond the village level. Quantitative data were collected through the SIDeWiHuB digital platform, which integrates sustainability assessment, village registration, and DeWiKu e-commerce services. Three constructs were measured using validated multi-item scales: Need for Green Village (N-GreenV), Community Participation (CP), and Perception of Sustainability (PS), derived from established sustainability and participatory tourism frameworks and benchmarked against normative standards developed from prior baseline studies. Internal consistency and construct validity were assessed before analysis. Multiple linear regression was applied, with diagnostic checks for normality, multicollinearity, and model fit conducted to ensure robustness. Results indicate that all sampled villages met the Kalpataru 5 (greenest) classification threshold. This findings demonstrate the analytical validity of SIDeWiHuB as a digitally enabled collaborative governance instrument within a Pentahelix framework and support its potential scalability as a policy tool for sustainable rural tourism governance in Indonesia.
Artificial intelligence surveillance and the right to privacy in Vietnam a human security policy
The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI)–enabled surveillance has become a central feature of contemporary governance, enhancing public security while raising serious concerns for the right to privacy. This article examines AI surveillance in Vietnam through the combined lenses of human security and Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Using doctrinal legal analysis and focused comparative evaluation, the study analyses how AI surveillance practices—such as facial recognition, biometric profiling, and behavioural analytics—generate cumulative privacy risks, including informational opacity, behavioural chilling, algorithmic bias, and institutional accountability deficits. It further assesses whether Vietnam’s existing legal framework, particularly the Law on Cybersecurity and Decree 13/2023/NĐ-CP, satisfies ICCPR standards of legality, legitimate aim, necessity, proportionality, and effective oversight. The findings reveal significant normative and institutional gaps. Drawing on comparative insights from the EU’s GDPR and South Korea’s PIPA, the article proposes a phased and context-sensitive reform pathway to strengthen privacy protection while supporting Vietnam’s digital transformation and national-security objectives.
A decade of academic merit decline: policy and institutional practices in conferring honorary professorships at Indonesian universities (2014–2024)
This study examines the dynamics of policy and institutional practices in conferring honorary professorships in Indonesian higher education institutions from 2014 to 2024. Using qualitative document analysis, it critically analyzes regulatory frameworks, institutional decision-making processes, and the competing institutional logics—drawing explicitly on the Institutional Logics Perspective—that shape the awarding of honorary professorships. The findings reveal a sharp rise in the conferral of honorary titles following the issuance of Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation No. 38/2021. However, the practice remains dominated by political rather than academic considerations, as most recipients are politicians or public officials, reflecting the influence of political and market logics over academic and professional standards. The study also highlights regulatory ambiguities and weak enforcement mechanisms that facilitate transactional practices and undermine institutional credibility, alongside persistent gender disparities marked by the limited representation of female recipients. The research argues for a critical reassessment of existing regulations and stronger, transparent, and academically grounded procedures. Its findings contribute to broader discussions on higher education governance in Indonesia and offer conceptual relevance for international debates on honorary titles, especially regarding tensions between academic integrity, institutional reputation, and political influence. The study calls for universities to balance public image considerations with academic merit to ensure that honorary professorships reflect genuine contributions to science, education, and society.
Pandemic borders policy: securitizing stateless people during COVID-19 in Sabah, Malaysia
Drawing on Copenhagen School securitization theory, this study investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the securitization of stateless migration in Sabah, Malaysia. Stateless communities, already excluded from healthcare, employment, and social protection, became increasingly framed as existential threats to public health during a period marked by both pandemic crisis and federal political instability. The analysis focuses on the timeframe from March 18, 2020 to August 16, 2021, when the sudden change of federal government intensified securitization rhetoric, as the new administration sought to consolidate legitimacy through migration control. This research identifies two interlinked securitization strategies. First, punitive measures such as mass arrests, prolonged detention, and deportations symbolized state authority while addressing public anxieties. Second, deterrence mechanisms including reinforced border patrols, visible security deployments, and integrated security operations expanded surveillance and control over marginalized populations. While these measures temporarily reduced unauthorized border crossings, they also deepened the marginalization of stateless communities, producing family separations and heightened social tensions. By situating stateless migration at the intersection of public health and national security, this study underscores the urgency of examining how political crises shape securitization processes and contributes to broader debates on human security, migration governance, and state legitimacy under pandemic conditions.
The role of multi-stakeholder collaboration in advancing msmes and creative economy: insights from Gorontalo’s pentahelix policy model
This research employs a mixed-methods approach with an explanatory sequential design. Data were collected from 30 stakeholders representing five Pentahelix actors through structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The study focuses on three key variables: Government Role, Community Role, and Academic Role as independent variables, with Implementation Effectiveness as the dependent variable. Data analysis utilized multiple regression analysis and thematic analysis for qualitative data. Statistical analysis revealed that all three stakeholder roles significantly influence implementation effectiveness (R² = 0.699, F = 24.758, p < 0.001). Community Role demonstrated the strongest influence (β = 0.521, p < 0.001), followed by Government Role (β = 0.387, p = 0.001) and Academic Role (β = 0.294, p = 0.003). Qualitative findings identified key success factors including active community participation, government responsiveness, and academia-industry partnerships, while highlighting challenges in bureaucratic coordination, budget adequacy, and technology transfer. The Pentahelix collaborative governance model proves effective for MSME policy implementation, with community engagement serving as the primary driver. However, successful implementation requires addressing structural barriers including bureaucratic inefficiencies, limited financial resources, and weak inter-sectoral coordination. The study contributes to collaborative governance theory and provides practical insights for policy makers in developing regions.
Enhancing civil servants performance through technical competency development in Provincial Government of West Sulawesi, Indonesia
This study aims to determine the Technical Competency Development Plan at the Regional Civil Service Agency of West Sulawesi Province. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to provide a realistic, logical, factual, and accurate picture of what is happening in the field. Data was collected through document review, observation, and interviews. The data obtained was then analyzed based on the National Institute of Public Administration Regulation No. 10 of 2018 on the Development of Civil Servant Competencies. The results showed that the inventory in the first stage, namely the completion of civil servant profiles, had not yet been carried out. The competency gap analysis as the second stage had also not been carried out because the job competency standards were still in the drafting stage. The third stage is performance gap analysis through the assessment of employee performance targets, where overall civil servants are rated as good, but competency improvement is considered necessary to support civil servant performance in achieving the maximum result, which is an excellent rating. Finally, the verification and validation stage has not been carried out due to the absence of documents outlining the planning needs for competency development.
Local innovations to tackling covid-19 in Indonesia: how Depok City government managed the pandemic effectively?
This article examines how locally driven innovations contribute to the effectiveness of decentralization policies, focusing on the COVID-19 pandemic response by the Depok City Government in Indonesia. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research draws on in-depth interviews, field surveys with 932 residents, an online survey of 218 healthcare workers conducted between September 2020 and January 2021, and content analysis of mass and social media conducted in collaboration with citizen experts. The analysis highlights two key initiatives. The first is the COVID-19 Information Center for Depok City (Pusat Informasi COVID-19 Kota Depok), better known as the PICODEP application, which functions as a digital data platform that supports evidence-based policy-making. The second is the Kampung Siaga program, which facilitates community participation in monitoring and managing the local impacts of the pandemic. Despite fiscal and infrastructural constraints, these innovations strengthened Depok’s capacity for timely and effective pandemic control. The study also reveals skepticism among some residents regarding official government assistance. However, it demonstrates that adaptive, collaborative, and inclusive strategies are vital for rebuilding trust and reinforcing local governance. Cross-sector collaboration, including partnerships with academic institutions, together with broad citizen engagement, proved critical for sustainable pandemic adaptation. The integration of technology, grassroots participation, and institutional support not only improved crisis management but also provided valuable lessons for strengthening decentralization frameworks in future emergencies. Ultimately, this article offers a comprehensive analytical perspective on designing adaptive local policies for public health resilience and disaster mitigation.
Civil-military relations in Indonesia: promoting a professional military character from the new order era to the reform era
Civil-military relations in Indonesia have experienced ups and downs during several periods of government, namely since the old order, new order, and reform order eras. Military involvement in the political sphere during the new order government has sparked criticism of the professionalism of the Indonesian National Army, as it is considered to have been used as a tool to maintain power through repressive actions. This study uses qualitative methods with literature review techniques to analyze the state of civil-military relations in Indonesia from the new order era to the reform era in an effort to shape a reformist military character. Military control over civilians during the new order era was driven by the need to create political stability and security for the sake of development. However, after the new order era, Indonesia continued to make major changes in realizing a professional national army. In the reform era, the military was under civilian control, which did not allow active military personnel to enter the political and public bureaucratic areas.
Comparing digital public service innovation in urban and rural space: evidence from Indonesia public service innovation competition 2014-2023
This study examines the landscape of digital public service innovation in Indonesia, focusing on a comparison of developments in urban and rural local governments from 2014 to 2023. Using a comparative approach integrated with a systematic search strategy guided by the PRISMA flowchart, this study analyzed 990 documents from the Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform's innovation competition, with 170 documents meeting the inclusion criteria based on the title and description of digital public service innovations and the level of government for in-depth content analysis. Findings reveal distinct patterns in digital public service innovation. Local governments show a stronger emphasis on interactive rather than static services, enhancing user engagement, while district governments demonstrate a gradual but growing shift toward interactive solutions. External innovations outnumber internal ones, indicating a priority on citizen-oriented services, yet raising concerns about institutional digital capacity. Furthermore, independent innovation dominates over collaborative efforts, reflecting a lack of cross-sector collaboration in digital governance. This finding highlights the need for a balanced approach that integrates interactivity with accessibility, strengthens internal digital capacity, and encourages collaborative innovation. The study is limited by its reliance on secondary competition data, which may overlook informal initiatives, as well as interpretive bias in document-based categorization. It also does not analyze causal mechanisms such as leadership or bureaucratic culture, and its focus on Indonesia limits its generalizability. Future research should employ qualitative and cross-country comparative methods to deepen and broaden the findings.
Early detection model to prevent the damaging impact of political buzzer attacks on social media
Using buzzers in product marketing is common and part of a marketing communication strategy. However, the use of buzzers has shifted to the political realm, causing negative impacts such as manipulating public opinion by spreading false information and propaganda. A number of countries have utilized buzzers for propaganda and public opinion manipulation purposes, such as Russia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. This study aims to formulate an early detection model to prevent the damaging impacts of using political buzzers attacks on social media by referring to the AISAS (Attention, Interest, Search, Action, and Share) model. This study uses a qualitative approach with data characteristics in the form of words, images, or sentences and includes many quotes and examples. The study results show that political buzzers on social media can be controlled strategically. The core of this strategy is to disrupt the buzzers' work process and strengthen the community's digital literacy because the digital literacy program that has been conducted has proven to be ineffective. Through the early detection model in this study, this can be done by disrupting the work process of buzzers and strengthening digital society through digital literacy by referring to the AISAS model. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen regulations by tightening account registration rules and clarifying law enforcement for the use of buzzers attacks.
Negotiating power and tradition: local political elites and the pursuit of sustainable rural development in Gorontalo, Indonesia
Rural development in Indonesia after decentralization is influenced not only by formal state institutions but also by traditional authorities. This study aims to analyze how local political elites in Gorontalo negotiate power and legitimacy through interactions between elected officials and traditional leaders in rural development management. This research uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis in three districts in Gorontalo. The findings show that political elites strategically utilize traditional rituals and kinship networks to consolidate power and garner community support, while traditional leaders maintain their influence by mediating access to state resources. These interactions create hybrid governance that both facilitates and constrains inclusive rural growth. Empirically, this study enriches rural sociology by describing how informal institutions remain embedded in local governance, while theoretically contributing to elite studies by linking symbolic authority to development outcomes. The study concludes that effective rural development policies require not only institutional reform but also critical engagement with cultural mechanisms of legitimacy. In line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions), the integration of traditional leaders into rural development governance must be accompanied by a framework of accountability to ensure the equitable distribution of resources and the protection of marginalized groups.
The failure of the old islamic parties in Indonesian election: a study of the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) 2019-2024
The aim of this article is to explore the trend of declining votes for Islamic parties in contemporary Indonesia, both at the national and local levels. In particular, it examines the failure of the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) in the 2024 elections. Some perspectives argue that the defeat of Islamic parties in Indonesia stems from their inability to adapt their ideological platforms, internal factionalism, and identity crises. Other views suggest that shifts in the ideological orientation of Islamic voters, who increasingly favor nationalist parties over Islamic parties, have also contributed to their electoral decline. This study employs a qualitative method with a sociological institutionalism approach, arguing that empirical sociological conditions played a decisive role in shaping the defeat of Islamic parties in the 2024 election. At least seven factors contributed to the failure of long-established Islamic parties to secure the support of Muslim voters. Chief among these was prolonged internal conflict, while additional factors included leadership crises, weak coordination and communication between central and regional legislative candidates, the loss of charismatic figures, misaligned endorsements of presidential and vice-presidential candidates, campaign strategies that failed to appeal to young voters, and inadequate financial and logistical resources.
National government and special capital government relations in covid-19 crisis communication
This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of miscommunication between the central government and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta in handling the COVID-19 pandemic, using the lens of Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT). The COVID-19 crisis in Indonesia revealed significant inconsistencies in policy communication, particularly through social media, leading to confusion in public understanding and response. This research focuses on Twitter as a critical platform used by both the Ministry of Health and the Jakarta government. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the study analyzed social media content from June to September 2021 using NVivo 12 Plus software. The findings demonstrate that while both institutions engaged in digital communication, the Ministry of Health adopted a more centralized, formal approach, whereas the Jakarta government employed a localized and interactive strategy. Despite these efforts, coordination was often reactive and lacked synchronization, resulting in fragmented messaging and weakened public trust. Word cloud and cluster analyses reveal that terms like “Indonesia,” “COVID,” and “WE” were frequently used to evoke unity, but were insufficient to bridge the rhetorical-practical gap in crisis management. The study concludes that although Twitter has potential as a tool for crisis communication, the absence of coherent strategy and coordination between central and regional governments undermined its effectiveness. Improved integration of SCCT principles and harmonized communication frameworks are essential to strengthen future governmental responses in public health emergencies.
Collaborative governance in food policy affairs: an examination of peatland damage mitigation strategies In Sungai Apit Regency, Indonesia
The degradation of peatlands attributable to anthropogenic activities, including the conversion of land for agricultural purposes and unsustainable land use practices, has culminated in a reduction of local food productivity and has adversely impacted food security in the Sungai Apit Subdistrict of Siak Regency, Indonesia. This research endeavor seeks to critically assess the efficacy of collaborative governance in the amelioration of peatland degradation and its ramifications on food policy. The methodological framework employed in this study is qualitative descriptive, utilizing data collection techniques that encompass comprehensive interviews, empirical field observations, and rigorous document analysis. The results indicate that institutional frameworks and leadership dynamics are pivotal dimensions that significantly affect the efficacy of collaborative efforts, notwithstanding the observed weakness in coordination among stakeholders. The predominance of governmental authority in decision making processes, coupled with a general lack of public awareness regarding the significance of peatland conservation, constitutes substantial barriers to progress. As a strategic intervention, the implementation of food diversification initiatives, such as the cultivation of hybrid coconuts, maize, and sweet potatoes, is advocated to mitigate reliance on rice and to enhance local food security. The study advocates for the fortification of participatory platforms, the enhancement of cross-sectoral coordination, along with community empowerment through educational programs and innovations in eco-technology. By adopting a more inclusive approach to collaborative governance, there exists a potential to foster sustainable food systems within regions characterized by vulnerable ecosystems, such as peatlands.
India-Afghanistan relations in Taliban 2.0: geopolitical shifts and emerging dimensions
This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of India’s Afghan foreign policy changes during 2021 after the Taliban takeover. For two decades India has been actively engaged with Afghanistan by investing heavily in infrastructure improvements as well as security developments and governance schemes. Prime Minister Narendra Modi asserts that India switched from supporting the Afghan government to adopting a more realistic stance towards the Taliban administration. This research seeks to advance these shifts while investigating elements that focus on security worries and diplomatic methods together with regional military forces. This study examines how regional stability, together with geopolitical strategies in India, has been altered because of these recent developments. The research follows a qualitative design method which performs systematic analysis of new political developments in India through case studies. This paper analyses the geopolitical transformation factors impacting India through the application of realism, securities theory, and strategic autonomy. India’s diplomatic reactions, security measures, and economic responses to the Taliban takeover between 2021 and the present period make up the paper’s study scope. The paper thoroughly investigates security implications by studying regional architecture security roles between Pakistan and China. India’s complicated foreign policies under Modi become clearer through this paper, which reveals how Indian national security interests, together with regional factors, determine the government’s response to the Taliban’s Taliban’s return to power. The study generates a better comprehension of the current geopolitical frameworks in South Asia.
How patronage and clientelism works in village head elections in Karawang Regency, Indonesia?
The implementation of democracy at the village level in Indonesia is institutionalized through direct village head elections. However, rather than strengthening democratic values, the 2021 simultaneous elections in Karawang Regency revealed persistent patronage and clientelism. This study investigates how such practices undermine democratic consolidation by examining three villages with distinct socio-economic contexts: an agricultural village (K), a coastal village (C), and an industrial village (M). Using a case study approach, the research highlights the prevalence of money politics, including vote buying, distribution of goods, provision of services, and project-based patronage. Findings demonstrate that electoral competition was shaped not only by material inducements but also by personalized candidate–voter relationships, reinforcing clientelist ties. The urgency of this study lies in exposing how entrenched local political practices threaten the credibility of democratic institutions and village governance. The novelty of this research is its comparative analysis across villages with different economic bases, revealing context-specific patterns of patronage. The study contributes to debates on local democracy by showing that institutional reforms alone are insufficient without addressing the socio-political structures that perpetuate patronage and clientelism.
Analysis of invalid votes in the village head elections in Purbalingga Regency, Indonesia
This study analyzes the causes of the large number of invalid votes during village head elections. Political scientists have pay little attention to this phenomenon. This study uses a case study method to examine why and how this situation occurred. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 17 people in three villages and document studies. Informants included village head candidates, election committees, election supervisors, and winning teams. The study found that the number of invalid votes was very high, at 18%, 21%, and 29% because of symmetrical votes, i.e., two parallel holes. Invalid votes occurred due to three factors: sociological factors, such as low voter knowledge; political protest as a means of political criticism; and institutional factors, such as weak regulations and low committee competence. This occurred due to institutional factors, such as diverse interpretations of regulations regarding valid votes, poor ballot design, and incompetent election committees. This research contributes to promoting improvements in voting regulations that accommodate symmetrical votes, designing secure ballots for voters, and encouraging committees to intensively socialize voting procedures.
Governing process of building association in contemporary Vietnam
The right to form associations is a human right recognized in many international political and legal documents. In countries led by a single party, the formation of associations can influence issues related to human rights and conflict with national management interests. In this context, this article examines the legal aspects related to the right to form associations in Vietnam today. This research aims to collect, analyze, and clarify aspects of the right to form associations in Vietnam. It assesses the current legal status of the implementation of the right to form associations in Vietnam. The research method used in this article is a literature review. The results of the research show that Vietnam has nearly 70,000 associations, including more than 1,200 international non-governmental organizations. Associations and organizations cover various issues such as the environment, social security, scientific research, ethnic minorities, water resource management, and forests. Although the formation and operation of associations still face many difficulties and obstacles, the role of associations is to coordinate and jointly resolve complex, urgent, and emerging social issues with state management institutions. This article discusses governance issues related to the formation of associations since Doi Moi (1986).
Weaving cultural and generational threads in rural Philippines: the livelihood, identity, and roles of elderly women artisans in Lalaguna
Traditional weaving is a vital form of indigenous knowledge in Filipino culture. This study explores the livelihood, identity, and roles of elderly women artisans in Barangay Lalaguna, a small rural community in the Philippines. This also aims to inform heritage conservation, inclusive engagement, and culturally grounded community policies. Using a qualitative research design and inductive thematic analysis, the study examined the lived experiences of 16 elderly women weavers. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, with ethical protocols observed to ensure voluntary participation, confidentiality, and informed consent. Findings show that weaving serves both as a livelihood and as a cultural identity marker, deeply integrated into family life and rural community traditions. Although many women have passed on their skills to children or grandchildren, generational disinterest, migration, and modernization threaten the continuity of the craft. Despite these challenges, elderly women persist as cultural custodians and household economic contributors. The study supports the need for intergenerational learning programs, sustainable market access, and health support tailored for aging artisans. Beyond cultural significance, the findings underscore the importance of integrating weaving into cultural governance, heritage policy, and community development strategies to sustain the craft amid economic and generational change.
The role of government policies in promoting green marketing: a bibliometric review
This study aims to map the development and relationship between green marketing, public policy, and the Role of government in supporting sustainable marketing practices globally, while identifying gaps and variations in policy effectiveness across countries. Using a bibliometric approach based on Scopus data for 2014-2024, this study analyzes publication trends, researcher collaboration patterns, keyword networks, and policy comparisons across countries. The analysis shows a significant increase in academic interest in this topic since 2021, with publication peaks in 2022 and 2023. China and India dominate research contributions, driven by proactive subsidy policies and fiscal incentives. The keyword network visualization reveals four main clusters: business and sustainability research, consumer behavior, the Role of government, and industrial strategy. Findings highlight the critical Role of policies such as subsidies, ecological labeling, and educational campaigns in increasing the adoption of green marketing and encouraging environmentally friendly consumer behavior. However, challenges still arise in the form of low consumer awareness, technological limitations, and the risk of greenwashing. The overall interpretation concludes that the integration of supportive public policies, industry readiness, consumer acceptance, and the importance of customizing strategies to the local context primarily determines the success of green marketing. This research recommends strengthening subsidy policies, education campaigns, and transparent labeling, and supports cross-sector collaboration to accelerate the transition to sustainable business practices globally.
Dynamics of education policy formulation after the 18th amendment in Province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan has authorized provinces, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), to formulated autonomous education policies. This authority includes determining the direction and strategy of the education system for future goals such as literacy rates, gender equality, and quality education. However, after 14 years of implementing this decentralization, KPK's progress in educational policy autonomy has been inadequate. This study evaluates the performance of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in formulating its own educational policies in the context of the post-18th Constitutional Amendment era. This research is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with key stakeholders in the province. The study also found that as a small province, KPK faces various challenges, such as a shortage of experts in education policy formulation, limited financial and human resources, political interference, an unbalanced federal system, and a lack of extensive consultation with stakeholders. These variables act as barriers to the province's progress in all aspects of formal education, despite the decentralization of school education through the 18th Amendment in 2010. This study recommends the need to enhance the institutional capacity of the KPK Province in formulating education policies in accordance with the objectives of the 18th Amendment.
The influence of media literacy on students' social protection in adult and vocational education policy in Rivers State, Nigeria
This study examines the effect of media literacy on students' social protection in adult and vocational education policy in Rivers State, Nigeria, based on experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic. The following three research questions and corresponding null hypotheses were formulated. A quasi-experimental design with an experimental group and a control group was used. A sample of 180 learners was randomly selected from a total of 2,378 adult learners in six adult literacy centers. The data collection instrument used in this study was the Learners Social Protection Test (LeSPT), which was developed by the researchers and tested for face and content validity by three experts. A reliability coefficient of 0.87 was obtained through the application of the Kuder-Richardson formula (K-R20). The data collected were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and analysis of covariance. Findings indicated that students who received media literacy instruction showed significantly greater positive effects on social protection compared to students who only received basic literacy instruction.
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Building digital governance ecosystem readiness for Indonesian regional representative council institution
The Regional Representative Council of the Republic of Indonesia (DPD RI) faces the challenge of digital transformation. This research evaluates its digital readiness, comparing it with Estonia, South Korea, Singapore, and India, to bridge the digital divide between the central office and regional offices. Using gap analysis, Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS), and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), we found that infrastructure, institutions, and human resources are key factors. The AHP prioritizes human resources (43.9%), institutions (31.1%), and infrastructure (19.6%). The top programs include i-Parliament Literacy (40.3%), i-Parliament Management (39.6%), and Digital Infrastructure (20.1%), which have the potential to increase the readiness index to 76.43 (“VERY READY”). Currently, the DPD RI index stands at 56.05 (“READY”), indicating significant regional disparities, particularly in Eastern Indonesia, and lagging behind benchmark countries in terms of interconnectivity, security, and parliamentary digitalization. This prioritizes “soft infrastructure” (80%) over “hard infrastructure” (20.1%), aligning with initiatives such as the Digital New Deal 2.0 and Digital India. This study validates and develops the combined application of gap analysis, MDS, and AHP.
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Free school meals policy: how are they governed? comparing India, the USA, Japan, and South Korea
Free school meals policy have been implemented globally as a mechanism to promote academic and nutritional equity. This study critically examines the management and challenges of free meal programs in four major countries: India, the USA, Japan, and South Korea. Through a comparative analysis, this article evaluates the governance structures of the programs. The study identifies a range of challenges faced by each country, including logistical complexities, socio-cultural barriers, and economic constraints. Despite their differences, the findings emphasize the importance of strong governance networks, sustained collaboration among key stakeholders—such as government agencies, educational institutions, and local communities—and context-specific policy adaptations. These elements are essential for overcoming challenges and ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of free school meal policy initiatives. While addressing the primary objectives of health and education, these programs can contribute to broader social benefits.
Impacts of community participation, multi-actor collaboration, transparency, and accountability on village financial governance in Rokan Hulu, Indonesia
This study examines the impact of community participation, multi-stakeholder collaboration, transparency, and accountability on village financial governance policies in Rokan Hulu Regency, Riau Province, within the framework of the New Public Governance (NPG) paradigm. This research used a mixed methods approach with a sequential exploratory design. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews, direct observation and document analysis, then analyzed using thematic techniques. Quantitative data was obtained through a Likert scale questionnaire survey involving 90 purposively selected respondents and analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The research findings show that community participation, multi-stakeholder collaboration, transparency, and accountability significantly improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of village financial governance. However, challenges such as low participation of vulnerable groups, weak synergy between informal actors, and unequal access to information are still major obstacles. The study concludes that strengthening formal collaboration, improving technical capacity through internal audit training, and adopting inclusive strategies to increase community participation are critical to advancing village financial governance. This study contributes to the theoretical development of the NPG paradigm and provides practical recommendations for designing policies for inclusive and sustainable village financial governance.
Digital governance for citizen engagement: an analysis of citizen-centered applications in India
The Government of India has launched several mobile applications such as UMANG, mAadhaar, Digilocker, and CPGRAMS to facilitate citizen engagement and improve public service delivery. These platforms serve as a testament to the ongoing digital transformation in governance, aimed at making services more accessible, transparent, and efficient. The study evaluates the impact of digital applications like Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance (UMANG), mAadhaar, Digilocker and Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) on citizen engagement and governance effectiveness. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, integrating qualitative and quantitative insights from 400 respondents across varied demographics were surveyed and 20 qualitative in-depth interviews conducted on experts across India. Findings highlight significant disparities in accessibility and usability of these tools, calling for integrated policy interventions and advanced technology adoption. The paper also discusses challenges such as digital divide and proposes actionable recommendations to optimize citizen-centric services.
Artificial intelligence in public administration: opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations
This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into public administration, focusing on its potential to enhance governance, service delivery, and decision-making. AI technologies such as machine learning, big data analytics, and natural language processing offer opportunities to improve efficiency and automate processes. However, challenges such as algorithmic bias, data privacy risks, and bureaucratic resistance hinder implementation. This paper reviews existing literature to identify key trends, challenges, and implications for policymakers. Using a literature review, this study synthesises research from Scopus and ScienceDirect, prioritising studies from the past ten years. A thematic analysis categorises findings into AI applications, social media, and big data in governance, as well as ethical concerns and adoption challenges. The review highlights AI’s transformative potential while emphasising the need for strong regulatory frameworks, ethical guidelines, and capacity-building. Consequently, social media possesses abundant information that can be leveraged in the development of artificial intelligence. Hence, AI has the potential to modernise public administration, but its success depends on transparency, accountability, and inclusivity.
Digital governance and public service accountability: Insight from the population and civil registration office in Makassar, Indonesia
This research aims to explore the relationship between the applicability of digital governance in improving public service accountability and how data integration is implemented in the application of digital technology at the population and civil registration office of Makassar City. The highlighted issue is how service digitization contributes to transparency, efficiency and integrated public accountability. The research used an explanatory qualitative approach; which consisted of data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, review and analysis of official documents on digital-based service reports and direct observation of digital service platforms. Data analysis was conducted interactively through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, verification and and conclusion. The findings showed that digital governance at the population and civil registration office of Makassar City has improved to adapt to digital technology, thereby increasing effectiveness and public access to services. However, several improvement notes need to be improved, such as; aspects of data sustainability and security still require strengthening at the institutional level, increasing the capacity of human resources, and policy integration between local and national levels. Through comparisons with local research and with best practices at the global level, this research has reconstructed some concepts of e-government and good governance, while highlighting the need for appropriate adaptation to the local context. The contribution of this research consists in identifying and mapping the practical and normative challenges in implementing digital transformation in the public service sector at the local level.
Struggle for fair oil royalties in Sabah: the dynamics of federal-state government relations in Malaysia 2003-2018
This study investigates the dynamics of federal-state relations in Malaysia, specifically focusing on Sabah’s efforts to secure increased oil royalties from 2003 to 2018, particularly during the tenure of Chief Minister Musa Aman. Despite the political alignment between the federal government and the Barisan Nasional led state government of Sabah, attempts to raise the oil royalty rate from five percent to 20 percent were ultimately unsuccessful. Employing a qualitative methodology, this research incorporates interviews, official documents, and legislative records, and augments these findings with quantitative data regarding oil production, revenue trends, and socioeconomic indicators. This comprehensive approach assesses the broader implications of the royalty dispute on Sabah’s development. The findings reveal that factors such as federal dominance, institutional constraints, and historical agreements continue to restrict Sabah’s fiscal autonomy. Notably, despite being the largest oil-producing state in Malaysia, Sabah remains the poorest state, underscoring the disconnection between resource generation and regional development. By contextualizing Sabah’s experience within both global and national frameworks, and drawing comparative insights from other oil-producing federal states, including Nigeria, Canada, and Brazil, this study emphasizes how centralized control over oil revenues, coupled with political and constitutional inflexibility, can hinder equitable development. The article advocates for more inclusive federal-state negotiations and encourages a reevaluation of resource sharing mechanisms within Malaysia’s federal system.