Amnety: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan which has IssN-Print: 2714-6308 and on-line ISSN: 2714-6294 is a scientific periodical in the field of taxation by the Taxation Study Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Muhammadiyah Makassar. Amnesty: The Journal of Tax Research is published twice a year, in May and November. Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan also accepts articles and other forms of scientific writing from academics, practitioners and observers of taxation issues. Article submissions are made using the Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan template accompanied by supporting documents in the form of: a statement of authorship, ethics, and a copyright statement, which can be downloaded on the main page of the Amnesty website: Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan has been single-reviewed by peer reviewers. The decision to accept or not accept scientific articles in this journal is the right of the Editorial Board based on recommendations from peer reviewers. Please read and understand the author's guidelines thoroughly. Authors who submit manuscripts to the editors of Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan must comply with author guidelines. If the submitted manuscript does not comply with the guidelines or uses a different format, the manuscript will be rejected by the editorial team prior to review. The Editorial Team will only accept manuscripts that meet the specified format requirements. Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan has been Nationally Accredited by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia, Number: 5162/E4/AK.04/2021 (Sinta 5), valid until 2022.
An Ethical Audit Model for the Governance of Indonesia’s Digital Tax System: Integrating the Principles of Fairness, Transparency, and Accountability
The transformation of the digital tax system through the implementation of the Core Tax Administration System (CTAS) marks a new era in artificial intelligence (AI) based fiscal governance in Indonesia. While bringing high efficiency, AI implementation also raises ethical challenges such as algorithmic bias, lack of transparency in automated decisions and unclear human responsibility for system outcomes. This study aims to develop an AI Ethics Audit Model that integrates the principles of fairness, transparency and accountability (FTA) to strengthen fair and accountable digital tax governance. The research approach used is a qualitative descriptive approach with a development research model design, which combines a literature review of 45 journals (2018–2025), in-depth interviews with five experts (three DGT officials and two AI ethics academics), and analysis of policy documents such as PMK No. 81 of 2024 and ISO/IEC 42001:2023. The results show that there is still a risk of data bias, limited algorithm documentation and the absence of a formal ethics oversight mechanism at the DGT. Based on these findings, five stages of an AI ethics audit are formulated: audit planning, ethical risk identification, control evaluation, audit reporting and monitoring and follow up. This model provides a theoretical contribution by strengthening the concept of ethical assurance in digital governance, and a practical contribution by providing an ethical oversight framework for the Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) to ensure the transparent, fair and responsible implementation of AI in the national tax system.
Ethics Audit, Artificial Intelligence, Digital Tax Governance, Fairness, Accountability.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital Economy Taxation in Global Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review and Cross-Country Comparison
This study systematically examines the evolution, implementation, and challenges of digital economy taxation across various jurisdictions to provide a comprehensive understanding of global policy trends. Using the PRISMA (2020) framework, a systematic literature review was conducted covering 65 peer-reviewed articles, policy papers, and institutional reports published between 2020 and 2025. The review identifies three dominant themes: (1) the emergence of Digital Services Taxes (DST) and their fiscal implications, (2) the implementation of the OECD/G20 Two-Pillar Solution emphasizing global minimum taxation, and (3) administrative digitalization for tax compliance improvement. A cross-country comparison highlights significant disparities between developed and developing economies in policy adoption, compliance infrastructure, and digital readiness. While OECD member states prioritize the harmonization of tax bases and avoidance of double taxation, developing nations focus on revenue mobilization and fairness in taxing digital activities. The findings reveal that the global minimum tax enhances coordination among multinational enterprises but poses administrative challenges in low-income countries. The study contributes to international taxation discourse by integrating evidence from diverse contexts and proposing a conceptual model linking digital transformation, tax equity, and compliance efficiency. Future research should explore the long-term economic and behavioral impacts of digital tax regimes, especially in the context of global e-commerce and cross-border data monetization.
digital economy, taxation, systematic literature review, cross-country comparison, global minimum tax, OECD Pillar Two, digital services tax, compliance efficiency
Tax Misperception and Its Impact on Decision-Making: A Behavioral Response Model of Taxpayers
Taxes are mandatory contributions imposed on individuals and business entities to finance public needs and maintain economic stability. One essential tax instrument in Indonesia is the Motor Vehicle Tax (Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor/PKB). However, misperceptions related to PKB continue to emerge among certain taxpayer groups. This study aims to: (1) analyze how misperceptions regarding motor vehicle taxes affect taxpayer decision-making related to PKB compliance in Makassar City, South Sulawesi; and (2) examine how misunderstandings of PKB regulations shape attitudinal and behavioral responses among taxpayers. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews with SAMSAT officers in Gowa Regency and with taxpayers, including students from Muhammadiyah University of Makassar. Findings indicate that the general public does not exhibit substantial misperceptions about PKB, although potential misconceptions are more common among individuals aged 21–27 who pay taxes based on parental encouragement, and among women with limited experience in handling PKB obligations. Interviews with student respondents also revealed misperceptions driven by misinformation, misunderstanding of regulations, inadequate tax education, cognitive biases, framing, and demographic characteristics such as age, gender, and occupation. Overall, the study highlights that PKB-related misperceptions remain multidimensional and may influence taxpayer compliance behavior, underscoring the need for more targeted education and communication strategies.
Optimizing Santripreneur Development through Sharia-Based E-Commerce Startups and Tax Compliance in Modern Islamic Boarding Schools
This study aims to analyze the optimization strategy for santripreneur development through the utilization of Sharia-based e-commerce startups and to examine the level of tax compliance within modern Islamic boarding schools. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study method, the research explores pesantren that have implemented digital entrepreneurship initiatives. The findings reveal that the application of Sharia-based e-commerce significantly enhances the economic independence of santri and expands the marketing network of pesantren products while promoting ethical and transparent business practices. However, low tax literacy among santri entrepreneurs remains a key challenge in achieving fiscal compliance. Integrating tax education and Sharia e-commerce training within the pesantren’s entrepreneurship curriculum is therefore crucial to establishing a sustainable santripreneur ecosystem that aligns with Islamic principles and national taxation laws. The study also highlights the strategic role of digitalization in transforming pesantren into centers of halal entrepreneurship and financial accountability. By combining religious, economic, and fiscal dimensions, this model contributes to the creation of responsible, innovative, and competitive santri entrepreneurs in the digital era. Future research is recommended to empirically validate this conceptual framework through field studies across diverse pesantren contexts.
Santripreneur, Sharia E-Commerce, Tax Compliance, Islamic Entrepreneurship, Modern Pesantren
Transfer Pricing and Tax Avoidance: Does Sales Growth Matter?
This study examines the relationship between sales growth, transfer pricing, and corporate tax avoidance strategies. Specifically, it explores how changes in sales growth affect multinational corporations' use of transfer pricing to reduce tax liabilities. Using a comprehensive dataset of multinational enterprises, the study applies an econometric model to identify the direct and indirect effects of sales growth on tax avoidance via transfer pricing. The sample consists of manufacturing companies in the food and beverage industry sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Purposive sampling was used for this study. In summary, despite transfer pricing being common among multinational corporations, this study finds no statistically significant direct impact on tax avoidance. Moreover, sales growth shows no moderating effect on this relationship. These findings highlight the complexity of identifying simple linear relationships and suggest the need for further research into how regulatory environments, firm-specific strategies, and macroeconomic factors influence the link between transfer pricing, sales growth, and tax avoidance.
Transfer Pricing; Sales Growth; Tax Avoidance; Corporate Tax Planning; Indonesia
When Financing and Tax Strategies Shape Corporate Responsibility: Examining the Effects of Capital Structure and Tax Avoidance on CSR Implementation
This study examines the interconnected effects of capital structure and tax avoidance on corporate social responsibility (CSR) implementation among food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2021 to 2023. While corporate financing decisions and tax strategies are often viewed as mechanisms that shape resource allocation and managerial priorities, their influence on CSR engagement remains empirically contested. Using purposive sampling, the research analyzes firms that consistently published financial reports and used the Rupiah as their reporting currency during the observation period. Capital structure is measured through the debt-to-equity ratio, tax avoidance is assessed using the Cash Effective Tax Rate, and CSR implementation is evaluated using aggregated environmental, social, and governance (ESG) scores. Multiple regression analysis reveals that neither tax avoidance nor capital structure exerts a significant effect on CSR implementation. These findings diverge from prevailing theoretical expectations grounded in agency theory, trade-off theory, and compliance theory, which suggest that aggressive tax strategies or high leverage could undermine a firm’s commitment to socially responsible practices. The results indicate the possibility of moderating or mediating influences such as political connections, managerial ethics, governance quality, or investment opportunities that may weaken the direct relationship between financial strategies and CSR outcomes. The study contributes to the growing discourse on corporate responsibility by highlighting the need for more nuanced models that integrate ethical, organizational, and institutional factors when evaluating how firms balance financial decisions with their social obligations.
Tax avoidance, capital structure, corporate social responsibility
Analyzing the Performance of Regional Tax Collection Systems: A Case Study of Samsat Offices
This study examines the performance of regional tax collection systems by focusing on the operational, administrative, and technological dynamics of Samsat offices in Indonesia. As the primary institutions responsible for administering the Motor Vehicle Tax (PKB), Samsat offices play a crucial role in strengthening regional fiscal capacity and supporting decentralized governance. Despite their strategic importance, variations in service quality, administrative efficiency, and technological readiness persist across regions. This research employs a quantitative approach using surveys distributed to taxpayers and administrative personnel to evaluate key performance dimensions, including service efficiency, digital service adoption, transparency, inter-agency coordination, and taxpayer compliance. Additional secondary data from provincial revenue reports and institutional documents complement the primary dataset. The findings reveal that administrative efficiency and service quality remain central determinants of taxpayer satisfaction and compliance, while digital innovations—such as online tax renewal platforms and mobile Samsat services—significantly improve accessibility and reduce processing times. However, disparities in infrastructure, digital literacy, and organizational readiness hinder uniform implementation across provinces. Inter-agency coordination among Bapenda, POLRI, and insurance providers also influences service consistency and operational effectiveness. Overall, the study demonstrates that enhancing Samsat performance requires integrated strategies combining administrative streamlining, digital transformation, human resource development, and improved governance mechanisms. The results provide practical implications for policymakers seeking to strengthen regional tax administration and contribute to the broader literature on public sector performance and fiscal management.
Regional Taxation; Samsat; Administrative Efficiency; Digital Public Services; Taxpayer Compliance
Financial Constraints and Tax Avoidance in Mining Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2020–2022
This study investigates the effect of financial constraints on tax avoidance among mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2020–2022. Mining firms operate in a capital-intensive and highly regulated environment, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices, financing frictions, and liquidity pressures. These conditions heighten the relevance of examining whether financial constraints influence corporate tax planning behavior. Using a quantitative research design, the study analyzes panel data from 24 mining companies that consistently reported complete audited financial statements over the three-year period, resulting in 72 firm-year observations. Financial constraints are measured using the Hadlock–Pierce (HP) Index, while tax avoidance is proxied by the Cash Effective Tax Rate (CETR), which captures real cash taxes paid relative to pre-tax income. Several control variables—firm size, profitability, leverage, and capital intensity—are included to account for operational and structural characteristics of mining firms. Panel regression analysis is conducted using the Hausman test to determine the appropriate model, supplemented by classical assumption testing to ensure statistical validity. The results are expected to provide empirical evidence on whether financially constrained mining firms engage more aggressively in tax avoidance as a strategy to preserve liquidity during periods of economic uncertainty, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The study contributes to the literature by offering sector-specific insights into the financial determinants of tax avoidance in a highly regulated extractive industry and provides implications for policymakers, investors, and corporate managers regarding financial pressure, compliance behavior, and fiscal governance.
Strengthening International Fiscal Governance to Combat Global Tax Avoidance: A Policy and Literature-Based Analysis
Global tax avoidance continues to undermine national revenues and weaken the integrity of international tax systems, particularly as cross-border economic activities expand in the digital era. This study examines how international fiscal governance can serve as an effective framework for mitigating global tax avoidance by analyzing key policies, regulatory instruments, and multilateral initiatives. Using a descriptive and policy-oriented approach, this research synthesizes recent literature, institutional reports, and global regulatory developments to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanisms such as the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, the Global Minimum Tax (Pillar Two), automatic exchange of information, and strengthened tax transparency standards. The study finds that while international cooperation has significantly improved policy alignment and reduced opportunities for profit shifting, substantial challenges remain, including uneven adoption across jurisdictions, capacity gaps in developing countries, regulatory loopholes, and geopolitical asymmetries in negotiations. The analysis also highlights the growing importance of digital taxation frameworks as multinational enterprises increasingly shift value creation to intangible assets. This paper argues that stronger institutional coordination, equitable policy adoption, capacity-building for emerging economies, and enhanced enforcement mechanisms are critical to advancing global tax fairness. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how international fiscal governance can shape more coherent and sustainable tax systems, offering policy recommendations to support future reforms and strengthen global tax compliance.
The Effect of Profitability and Company Size on Tax Avoidance in the Mining Sector Listed on the IDX in 2019-2023
This study investigates the effect of profitability and company size on tax avoidance in mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2019–2023. Tax avoidance remains a critical issue in the mining industry due to its strategic contribution to state revenue and the sector’s vulnerability to aggressive tax practices. Using a purposive sampling method, 10 mining companies meeting the research criteria were selected, resulting in 50 firm-year observations. The study employs multiple linear regression analysis using IBM SPSS Version 29 to assess the relationship among variables. The classical assumption tests—normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation—confirmed the validity of the regression model. The findings reveal that profitability has no significant effect on tax avoidance, indicating that highly profitable companies tend to comply with tax regulations to avoid reputational and legal risks. Conversely, company size shows a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, suggesting that larger firms possess greater resources and access to professional expertise, enabling them to implement structured tax avoidance strategies. The model’s Adjusted R² value of 0.181 indicates that 18.1% of tax avoidance behavior can be explained by profitability and company size. The study contributes to tax management literature by providing empirical evidence on firm characteristics influencing tax avoidance in Indonesia’s mining industry and offers insights for policymakers to enhance regulatory oversight.
The Implementation of E-Filing on Taxpayer Compliance in Ambon City: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach
This study examines the influence of e-Filing implementation on taxpayer compliance in Ambon City by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as the analytical framework. TPB explains compliance behavior through three main constructs: attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This research employs a literature review method by collecting and analyzing previous studies from Google Scholar and official taxation sources using keywords such as “e-Filing,” “tax compliance,” and “Theory of Planned Behavior.” After screening for relevance, selected articles were synthesized to identify key determinants of compliance behavior. The review findings indicate that the implementation of e-Filing positively contributes to taxpayer compliance; however, several contextual factors in Ambon still hinder optimal adoption. Limited digital literacy, low awareness of tax obligations, and inadequate internet infrastructure in certain areas reduce the effectiveness of electronic reporting. Socialization and education programs remain crucial for shaping taxpayers’ behavioral beliefs, while support from tax authorities and the social environment strengthens subjective norms that encourage compliance. Perceived behavioral control is influenced by the availability of technical assistance, the ease of using the system, and strict enforcement of tax sanctions. The study concludes that the successful implementation of e-Filing requires an integrated approach that strengthens knowledge, accessibility, system quality, and enforcement to enhance overall taxpayer compliance in Ambon City.
Impact of Perceived Convenience, Satisfaction, and Tax Understanding on E-Filing Adoption Intention: The Moderating Role of IT Benefits
This study investigates the influence of perceived convenience, perceived satisfaction, and tax understanding on the intention to adopt e-Filing among individual taxpayers registered at KPP Pratama Tenggarong. In addition, this research examines the moderating role of perceived information technology benefits in strengthening these relationships. Using a quantitative approach, primary data were collected from 100 respondents through offline and online questionnaires distributed to individual taxpayers who submitted their annual tax returns via e-Filing. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, and data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 4.1 with measurements based on a five-point Likert scale. The findings reveal that perceived convenience, perceived satisfaction, and tax understanding each have a significant positive effect on taxpayers’ intention to use e-Filing. These results indicate that when taxpayers perceive e-Filing as easy to use, satisfactory, and supported by adequate knowledge of taxation procedures, their willingness to adopt the system increases. However, the study also finds that perceived benefits of information technology do not moderate the relationship between perceived convenience, perceived satisfaction, and tax understanding on e-Filing adoption intention. This suggests that although taxpayers recognize the advantages of technology, such perceptions do not necessarily strengthen their intention to use e-Filing. The study contributes to the enrichment of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) development by incorporating satisfaction, tax understanding, and IT benefits as extended variables. Practically, the results provide insights for tax authorities to improve e-Filing services by enhancing system usability, ensuring user satisfaction, and increasing taxpayers’ understanding to support higher adoption rates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Trends in Capital Market Research and Taxation Policy in Indonesia: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature from 2000 to 2025
This study examines the evolution of research on capital markets and taxation policy in Indonesia from 2000 to 2025 using a comprehensive bibliometric approach. Data were extracted from Scopus and Web of Science and analyzed using Bibliometrix (R) and VOSviewer to assess scientific productivity, citation structures, keyword networks, and thematic development. A total of 609 documents and 53,971 citations were identified, indicating substantial growth in scholarly attention across four phases: initiation (2000–2004), consolidation (2005–2014), explosion (2015–2021), and normalization (2022–2025). Publication output peaked in 2021, whereas citation-per-article declined in recent years, reflecting citation dilution as publication volume increased. World Development emerged as the most productive source, while The Quarterly Journal of Economics showed the highest citation intensity. Seminal works by Gabaix et al. (2003), Chan, Covrig & Ng (2005), and Johnson et al. (2000) formed the intellectual core driving research development. Keyword mapping revealed “stock exchange,” “tax incentive,” and “earnings management” as basic themes, while the “tax authority–fiscal policy” cluster appeared as a motor theme with high relevance and strong development. Thematic evolution indicates a shift from macro-level concerns—market infrastructure and fiscal incentives—toward micro-level issues such as asymmetric information, governance, and tax reform effectiveness. Findings highlight the need for methodological advancement through machine learning, natural experiments, and greater use of domestic micro-data to enhance theoretical contributions and strengthen policy relevance in Indonesia’s capital market and taxation research landscape.
Determinants of Tax Compliance among Individual Business and Freelance Taxpayers: Evidence from KPP Pratama Senapelan Pekanbaru
This study investigates the determinants of tax compliance among individual taxpayers engaged in business and freelance activities at the Pratama Tax Office (KPP) of Senapelan, Pekanbaru. The research examines the influence of four key variables—taxation socialization, level of taxation understanding, taxpayer awareness, and tax sanctions—on individual taxpayer compliance. Using a purposive sampling method, 110 respondents were selected based on specific criteria, including registration at the tax office and submission of the Annual Tax Return (SPT) form 1770. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 30. The findings reveal that the level of taxation understanding, taxpayer awareness, and tax sanctions significantly affect tax compliance. In contrast, taxation socialization does not have a statistically significant impact. These results suggest that improved understanding of tax regulations, enhanced civic awareness, and effective enforcement of sanctions play critical roles in increasing taxpayer compliance. However, the lack of impact from socialization programs may be attributed to limited outreach or low participation in tax education activities. The study highlights the need for intensified and targeted educational campaigns by tax authorities to foster compliance, especially among self-employed individuals and freelancers. Additionally, the enforcement of tax sanctions should remain firm and transparent to deter non-compliance. These findings provide practical insights for policymakers and tax administrators in designing more effective compliance strategies. Future research should consider incorporating other potential variables, such as trust in tax institutions, quality of tax services, and digital literacy, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of taxpayer behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan
The Influence of Human Resources Competence in the Field of Taxation on Compliance and Effectiveness of Fulfillment of Tax Obligations: A Literature Study
This study aims to systematically examine the role of Human Resources (HR) competence in the field of taxation on compliance and effectiveness of tax obligations, both in the private and public sectors. This study was conducted through a literature review method by examining various scientific journals, articles, and relevant previous research results. The main focus of the study is on the dimensions of HR competence such as technical knowledge of taxation, training and certification (eg tax brevet), and professional experience in managing tax obligations. The results of the study indicate that HR with high competence in the field of taxation tend to be able to significantly increase taxpayer tax compliance, both in terms of formal (reporting) and substantive (payment and planning). In addition, strengthening HR capacity has been proven to minimize the risk of administrative errors, reduce potential sanctions, and support more efficient and accountable tax planning strategies. Adequate tax literacy also encourages increased communication between companies and tax authorities, thereby creating a healthier compliance climate. This study concludes that HR competence is one of the main pillars in modern tax management and must be a priority in the development of tax policies and organizational governance strategies. The findings of this literature review are expected to be a reference for policy makers, academics, and practitioners to develop a more structured and sustainable HR strengthening program in the taxation sector.
The Impact of Firm Size and Governance on Corporate Tax Avoidance Strategies
This study investigates the impact of firm size and corporate governance on tax avoidance strategies in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) between 2020 and 2022. Tax avoidance, although legal, raises concerns about tax fairness, transparency, and state revenue sustainability. Using a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis, the study examines the roles of firm size, board of directors, independent commissioners, and audit committees in influencing tax avoidance behavior. Data were collected from 58 companies, resulting in 174 firm-year observations. The findings reveal that firm size has a significant negative effect on tax avoidance, indicating that larger firms tend to avoid aggressive tax planning, possibly due to higher public scrutiny and reputational risks. In contrast, the board of directors, independent commissioners, and audit committees show no significant influence on tax avoidance practices. These results suggest that traditional corporate governance mechanisms may be insufficient in curbing tax avoidance in Indonesia’s property sector, highlighting the need for more targeted regulatory interventions and enhanced governance practices. This study contributes to the growing literature on corporate tax behavior in emerging markets by offering empirical evidence from the real estate industry, which is often characterized by asset intensity and unique regulatory treatment. The findings have practical implications for policymakers and regulators seeking to strengthen tax compliance through firm-level characteristics and governance reforms. Future research is encouraged to explore additional moderating variables such as profitability, leverage, and ownership structure to gain a more comprehensive understanding of corporate tax avoidance behavior in the Indonesian context.
Analysis of The Application Withholding, Depositing, and Reporting Income Tax Article 23 on Services In Private Companies
This study analyzes the application of Income Tax Article 23 (PPh 23) withholding, depositing, and reporting in service transactions at PT Aryan Pembangunan Perumahan Properti (KidZania Surabaya), a company operating in education and entertainment services. The research aims to assess the compliance of the company with PPh 23 regulations, particularly focusing on service-related payments subject to a 2% withholding tax rate. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, primary data were collected through direct interviews and observations of the company’s tax management practices. Secondary data from relevant tax laws and literature were also reviewed to support the analysis. The findings reveal that while the company accurately calculates the withholding tax based on applicable rates, there are delays in the depositing and reporting processes. These non-compliances may be attributed to internal procedural inefficiencies or lack of adequate understanding of tax obligations. The study underscores the importance of timely tax depositing and reporting to avoid penalties and ensure adherence to Indonesian tax regulations. Recommendations include improving internal controls, staff training on tax compliance, and adopting systematic electronic reporting methods. This research contributes to understanding tax compliance challenges faced by private companies in Indonesia and offers practical insights for enhancing the application of Income Tax Article 23 in service transactions.
Carbon Tax Policy Analysis of Negative Emission Externalities in South Sulawesi (Case Study at PT. Makassar Industrial Estate)
This research aims to analyze the implementation of carbon tax policy on negative emission externalities in South Sulawesi, with a case study of PT. Kawasan Industri Makassar (PT. KIMA). This study employs a qualitative approach, based on the type of data collected. Informants include the Head of the Clean Water and Waste Department, staff from the Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Division, and the division’s administrative personnel at PT. KIMA. The findings reveal that PT. KIMA, an industrial sector company responsible for managing industrial zones, contributes to carbon emissions through two main sources: incinerator operations and external industrial activities within the area. However, the company has not yet implemented any formal carbon tax mechanisms to mitigate emissions. This is primarily due to the absence of technical guidelines or regulatory directives related to carbon tax implementation for industrial area management companies. Despite the lack of a carbon tax policy, PT. KIMA has made environmental efforts by promoting green initiatives, such as developing green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau/RTH) and tree planting along industrial area roads to help absorb carbon emissions and reduce environmental impact.
Carbon Tax Policy and Negative Emission Externalities
The Influence of Managerial Ownership, Institutional Ownership, and Capital Structure on Tax Avoidance
This study examines the effect of managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and capital structure on tax avoidance among manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period 2021–2023. The analysis was conducted using a quantitative approach, with data processed through the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique and analyzed using SPSS software. The results show that managerial ownership has a negative but statistically insignificant impact on tax avoidance, indicating that variations in internal managerial shareholding do not meaningfully influence corporate tax behavior. Conversely, institutional ownership exhibits a positive and statistically significant effect, suggesting that increased institutional oversight correlates with higher tax avoidance practices. Furthermore, capital structure is also found to have a positive and significant relationship with tax avoidance, implying that firms with higher debt ratios are more likely to engage in aggressive tax planning. These findings underscore the role of external ownership and financial leverage in shaping corporate tax strategies, while highlighting the limited influence of managerial equity stakes. The study offers important implications for regulators and stakeholders in designing governance and financial policies that promote responsible tax practices within the manufacturing sector in Indonesia.
The Influence of Tax Aggressiveness, Audit Committee, and Capital Structure on Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure in Food and Beverage Companies Listed on the IDX
This study examines the influence of tax aggressiveness, audit committee, and capital structure on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure in food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2021–2023. Using a purposive sampling technique, 192 firm-year observations were selected based on specific criteria. The study employed secondary data and was analyzed using the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) software. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis show that tax aggressiveness and audit committee positively and significantly influence CSR disclosure. In contrast, capital structure has a negative and significant effect. These findings suggest that firms engaging in higher levels of tax aggressiveness may simultaneously enhance CSR disclosure, potentially as a reputational management strategy. Moreover, the presence of a stronger audit committee is associated with better CSR practices, indicating its critical role in governance and transparency. Conversely, firms with higher debt levels tend to disclose less CSR information, possibly due to financial constraints or strategic considerations. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the relationship between financial and governance factors and CSR practices within the Indonesian food and beverage industry context.
The Influence of Reputation, Professionalism, and Service Quality on Client Satisfaction in Using Tax Consulting Services
This study aims to examine the influence of reputation, professionalism, and service quality on client satisfaction in using tax consulting services. The research was conducted with a sample of 90 corporate taxpayers registered at tax consultant offices in Denpasar City. Quantitative methods were applied with data collected through questionnaires. The analysis involved validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. The results indicate that reputation positively and significantly affects client satisfaction, implying that a better reputation enhances client satisfaction. Similarly, professionalism shows a positive and significant impact, suggesting that higher levels of professional conduct by tax consultants increase client satisfaction. Furthermore, service quality also significantly influences satisfaction, highlighting the importance of timely, accurate, and responsive services. Simultaneous testing confirms that reputation, professionalism, and service quality collectively contribute significantly to client satisfaction. These findings underscore the critical role of maintaining a strong reputation, upholding professional ethics, and delivering high-quality services to foster client trust and satisfaction. Tax consultants are recommended to continuously improve service speed, maintain confidentiality, and align their services with client expectations to sustain satisfaction and loyalty. This study contributes to understanding factors that drive client satisfaction in tax consulting, providing valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers aiming to optimize tax consulting service quality in Indonesia’s evolving tax environment.
Examining the Impact of Institutional Ownership and Audit Fee Stickiness on Tax Avoidance in State-Owned Enterprises in Indonesia (2019–2022)
This study examines the influence of institutional ownership and audit fee stickiness on tax avoidance in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2019–2022 period. The research adopts a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from official financial reports and processed through multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS version 29. Institutional ownership refers to the proportion of company shares held by institutional investors such as insurance firms, investment companies, and banks, which are expected to play a critical role in monitoring managerial behavior. Audit fee stickiness, on the other hand, represents the condition where changes in expected audit fees are not matched by actual changes, often due to long-term audit engagements and client-auditor relationships. The results of this study indicate that institutional ownership has a significant positive effect on tax avoidance, suggesting that firms with high levels of institutional ownership tend to adopt more aggressive tax planning strategies. This may stem from institutional pressure to maximize shareholder value through reduced tax burdens. Additionally, audit fee stickiness also shows a significant positive relationship with tax avoidance, implying that inflexible audit pricing may reflect increased audit complexity and risk exposure, which correlate with tax-motivated financial reporting behaviors. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on how corporate governance mechanisms and audit dynamics affect tax strategies within SOEs in a developing country context. The findings align with agency theory, which explains the conflict of interest between management (agents) and government or public stakeholders (principals), especially regarding financial transparency and tax compliance. Implications of this study are valuable for regulators and policymakers aiming to improve audit oversight and corporate governance in the public sector.
Tax Planning PT Mayora Indah Tbk: Harmonizing Compliance And Tax Optimization
Tax planning is an important element in financial management that aims to minimize the tax burden that must be paid by the company. In this case, tax planning does not only focus on efforts to reduce the tax burden, but also is a strategy designed to ensure compliance with applicable tax regulations. This study aims to analyze the tax planning strategy implemented at PT Mayora Indah Tbk to align compliance with tax regulations with the optimization of the company's tax burden. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method by analyzing secondary data in the form of the Annual Report of PT Mayora Indah Tbk in 2022 and 2023 published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results showed that the implementation of tax planning at PT Mayora Indah Tbk by converting costs that cannot be deducted from gross income (non deductible expense) into costs that can be deducted from gross income (deductible expense) is effective in reducing the company's tax burden so that the profit earned by the company remains optimal. Through tax planning, the company obtained tax savings for 2023 amounted Rp11,668,828,189 and 2022 amounted Rp12,523,559,687. Thus, PT Mayora Indah Tbk can optimize cost efficiency while still complying with applicable tax regulations. The results of this study are expected to be a reference for tax practitioners in designing effective tax planning policies.
Tax Planning Strategies for Tax Saving at PT Ramayana Lestari Sentosa, Tbk
This study aims to analyze tax planning strategies to minimize the corporate income tax expense at PT Ramayana Lestari Sentosa, Tbk by utilizing legal tax deductions according to Indonesian tax regulations. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, using the company’s annual financial statements from 2022 and 2023 as the primary data source. Through detailed analysis of the income statements and fiscal reconciliation reports, the study identifies deductible expenses that can be strategically allocated to reduce taxable income and, consequently, tax expenses. The findings reveal that reallocating certain costs—such as donations, entertainment, employee welfare, research and development, scholarships, internships, and training—into tax-deductible categories effectively reduces the tax expense. Specifically, the company was able to lower its income tax expense by approximately IDR 2.826 billion in 2022 and IDR 1.433 billion in 2023. These tax savings were achieved by optimizing cost allocations in compliance with prevailing tax laws, including Indonesian Law No. 36 of 2008, which allows deductions for costs related to social infrastructure and human resource development. The study highlights the importance of tax planning as a legal method for companies to manage tax liabilities without violating tax regulations. This research contributes practical insights for corporate tax management, demonstrating that strategic allocation of deductible expenses can significantly impact the company’s financial performance by reducing tax burdens. Ultimately, effective tax planning enhances corporate efficiency and compliance, supporting sustainable business growth.
Assessment of the Land and Building Tax (PBB) Collection Mechanism in Makassar’s Regional Revenue Agency
This study aims to evaluate the Land and Building Tax (PBB) collection system implemented by the Makassar City Regional Revenue Agency and to determine whether the current billing mechanism functions effectively. The focus is on identifying efforts to resolve recurring issues such as taxpayer resistance to billing, undelivered Tax Payable Notification Letters (SPPT), and discrepancies in ownership data. Using a qualitative research method, the study applies data reduction, presentation, and conclusion-drawing techniques to analyze findings from field observations and interviews. Results indicate that the Makassar City Regional Revenue Agency uses the Official Assessment System, where the tax amount is determined by the authority and communicated through SPPT. However, challenges remain, including taxpayer non-compliance, delayed payments, and administrative obstacles related to ownership data. The tax realization in both 2022 and 2023 did not meet the set targets, showing a shortfall of approximately 22% each year, suggesting inefficiencies in collection and public awareness. To address these challenges, the agency has introduced online payment systems like the Pakinta application and engaged in active collection efforts such as issuing warning letters and conducting outreach campaigns. Nonetheless, these initiatives require further strengthening. The study recommends increasing the number of field officers and optimizing task distribution to improve billing performance and achieve revenue targets in future fiscal periods. Overall, while the tax collection infrastructure is structurally sound, implementation gaps hinder its full potential
The Effect of Thin Capitalization, Transfer Pricing, and Sales Growth on Tax Avoidance in Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange
This study investigates the influence of thin capitalization, transfer pricing, and sales growth on tax avoidance in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), specifically within the food and beverage manufacturing subsector from 2019 to 2023. The research aims to explore how internal financial strategies contribute to tax avoidance behaviors. A quantitative approach was employed using secondary data sourced from published financial statements. A total of 109 valid company-year observations were analyzed after removing 24 outliers from the initial dataset. The variables were tested using multiple linear regression analysis via SPSS, with a significance level set at 5%. The results indicate that thin capitalization has a positive and significant effect on tax avoidance, suggesting that companies leverage debt financing to reduce taxable income. Similarly, transfer pricing practices also show a significant positive relationship, implying the strategic allocation of intra-group transactions to lower tax obligations. Sales growth is found to positively and significantly affect tax avoidance, indicating that growing companies tend to adopt more aggressive tax strategies to maintain post-tax profitability. The adjusted R² value of 0.674 suggests that 67.4% of the variation in tax avoidance is explained by the model. These findings support agency theory, which posits that managers act in their own interest, often engaging in tax minimization to enhance financial performance and shareholder value. The study contributes to the understanding of corporate tax behavior in emerging markets and informs policymakers of the need for stricter regulations on intercompany transactions and capital structure management
Factors Influencing Individual Taxpayer Compliance with Tax Sanctions as a Moderating Variable at KPP Pratama Serpong
This study investigates the factors influencing individual taxpayer compliance by examining the moderating role of tax sanctions at KPP Pratama Serpong. Taxpayer compliance plays a vital role in the success of self-assessment tax systems, where individuals are expected to fulfill their obligations voluntarily. This research focuses on the effects of taxpayer awareness and tax knowledge on compliance behavior, and explores whether tax sanctions can strengthen these relationships. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 100 individual taxpayers registered at KPP Pratama Serpong through structured questionnaires. The analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares (PLS) to examine direct and moderating effects. The results indicate that taxpayer awareness and tax knowledge both have a positive and significant impact on compliance. Furthermore, tax sanctions strengthen the positive relationship between taxpayer awareness and compliance, but do not significantly moderate the relationship between tax knowledge and compliance. These findings imply that while awareness can be amplified by sanctions to improve compliance, knowledge alone may not be sufficient unless supported by other enforcement or educational measures. This study contributes to tax compliance literature by integrating behavioral and regulatory perspectives in an Indonesian context, and offers practical insights for policymakers aiming to improve tax compliance through strategic use of sanctions and taxpayer education. The research suggests that improving public understanding of tax obligations and enhancing perceptions of enforcement may lead to more sustainable compliance behavior, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty.
Effectiveness of Using Electronic Parking Fee System (E-Parking) In Makassar City
This study examines the effectiveness of the Electronic Parking Fee System (E-Parking) implemented by the Makassar City Regional Revenue Agency (BAPENDA) as part of the city’s effort to modernize public services and enhance regional revenue. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through observations, in-depth interviews with key informants, and document analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the system’s performance. The findings reveal that the adoption of E-Parking has contributed to improved transparency, efficiency, and accountability in parking tax management. The system minimizes manual intervention, reduces the risk of illegal levies, and enhances service quality for parking users. Empirical data show an increase in the number of taxpayers using E-Parking from 29 in 2019 to 35 in 2020, although overall revenue declined due to movement restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the temporary decline, the E-Parking system demonstrates strong potential to optimize regional original income (PAD) by ensuring accurate transaction recording and reducing revenue leakages. Users reported that the system is easier, more secure, and more reliable compared to manual ticketing. Overall, the study concludes that E-Parking is an effective innovation in public service delivery, supporting Makassar City’s transition toward a more transparent and technology-driven governance system.
The Effect of Warning Letters and Forced Letters on the Disbursement of Tax Arrears at the South Makassar Pratama Tax Service Office
This study aims to determine the effect of warning letters and forced letters on the disbursement of tax arrears at the South Makassar Primary Tax Service Office. The research employed documentation data collection techniques, gathering data on warning letters, forced letters, and the amount of arrears disbursement from 2020 to 2022 at the South Makassar Primary Tax Office. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression analysis and partial tests. The results of the study revealed two key findings: (1) Warning letters have a positive but insignificant effect on the disbursement of tax arrears at the South Makassar Primary Tax Service Office; and (2) Forced letters have a positive and significant effect on the disbursement of tax arrears at the South Makassar Primary Tax Service Office. This indicates that while warning letters may raise awareness among taxpayers about their arrears, they do not significantly compel action towards disbursement. On the other hand, forced letters, which carry more severe consequences and legal implications, are more effective in prompting taxpayers to settle their arrears. The study underscores the importance of employing stronger enforcement measures to enhance tax compliance and improve the effectiveness of tax arrears recovery. Future research could explore the psychological and behavioral aspects of taxpayer responses to different enforcement actions, providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind effective tax collection strategies. Additionally, expanding the scope of the study to include other regions and types of taxes could provide a more comprehensive view of the efficacy of warning and forced letters in various contexts.
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Environmental Taxes: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development
This study explores the role of environmental taxes as a critical instrument for sustainable development, focusing on both the challenges and opportunities presented by their implementation in Indonesia. Environmental taxes, often termed "green taxes," are designed to mitigate environmental degradation by incentivizing industries to adopt eco-friendly practices and reduce their carbon footprint. Although Indonesia has made strides in incorporating environmental taxes through regulations like the carbon tax in Law No. 7 of 2021 and Government Regulation No. 46 of 2017, the application of these policies faces significant hurdles. Key challenges include limited public awareness and understanding of environmental taxes' benefits, as well as concerns over the financial impact on industries. Despite these obstacles, environmental taxes hold substantial potential for environmental enhancement by funding initiatives such as waste management, ecosystem restoration, and the promotion of renewable energy. This research emphasizes the importance of clear communication and collaboration among stakeholders to optimize the effectiveness of environmental tax policies, thereby contributing to Indonesia’s sustainable development goals.