ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES IN THE ENGLISH SUBTITLE OF THE MOVIE "KETIKA CINTA BERTASBIH 1"

A mistake in translating a single word may cause thousands of deaths. An unimaginable fact that mistranslation cost 80.000 lives in Japan in August 1945 proves that translating a text should be taken into consideration and done carefully. Translating a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) is problematic and not as simple as only transposing SL into TL because this activity closely relates to different cultures. Therefore, this study is aimed at analyzing the translation techniques in the English subtitle of the movie “Ketika Cinta Bertasbih 1”. This qualitative study focuses on Molina and Albir’s translation techniques used in the English movie subtitle. The primary data were collected from the dialogs and the English subtitle and selected based on the translation problems. Furthermore, the data were analyzed and interpreted descriptively to identify and explain why and how the translation techniques are used in the English subtitle. This study found that five translation techniques were used to translate the dialogs in bahasa Indonesia (SL) into English subtitle (TL). In the subtitle, this study found the use of adaptation (10 times), transposition (9 times), borrowing (7 times), generalization (3 times) and compensation (once). Those techniques were applied to solve problems in translation, such as cultural differences, in equivalence, untranslatability, and grammatical differences. This study concludes that the techniques proposed by Molina and Albir in 2002 have been a great contribution in the field of translation. The cultural problems which lead to in equivalence and untranslatability, as well as grammatical differences are no longer problematic to translators.


INTRODUCTION
A mistake in translating a single word may cause thousands of deaths. An unimaginable fact that mistranslation cost 80.000 lives in Japan in August 1945 proves that translating a text should be taken into consideration and done very carefully, especially when a translator works on military documents. The New

Translation
Translation is an activity of transposing a source language (SL) into a target language (TL) as in line with Newmark (1988) who defined the term as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. The main purpose of translation is therefore to transfer the ideas of the author to the target readers by using the language they speak. To do this job, a translator is responsible to produce a comprehensible and accurate translation to transfer ideas in the source language by using target language as precisely as possible.
Further, Catford (1978) defined translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). Translation refers to the activity of transforming a text written in a certain language into a text written in another language as closely as possible. It means that a translator must find words, phrases, and sentences from the target language to substitute the source language accurately.
In this study, the object is the English subtitle of an Indonesian movie, entitled "Ketika Cinta Bertasbih 1" adapted from a very popular novel written by Habiburrahman El Shirazy in 2007. This movie is also targeted for a wider consumption. Similarly, it is directed to English speakers throughout the world.
Hence, the translator should be able to transfer the messages and ideas through dialogues spoken in bahasa Indonesia to the English speakers by accurately translating those dialogues into English to reach equivalent meanings and effects.
However, translators often find problems when doing their jobs. Newmark (1988) asserted "that the body of knowledge and of assumptions that exists about translation is tentative, often controversial and fluctuating." The various translation methods, strategies, and techniques which overlap to one another create problems in translation. However, the cultural differences followed by the existence of thousands of languages with different dialects spoken in the world are the major problems in translation.

Translation Problems
The close relationship between culture and language brings difficulties in translation. Nida (2001) proposed the classification of culture by stating that words, social culture-loaded words, religious culture-loaded words, ecological culture-loaded words and language culture-loaded words." Most translators have the same arguments that cultural words are the big problems. He stated that "the most serious mistakes in translation are not caused by improper expression of words, but by wrong cultural assumptions." (Nida, 2001) Besides, inequivalence indeed becomes the major debatable topic in translation. Catford (1978) stated that "the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents". Equivalence refers to the equivalent level of meaning and style between the source text and the target text. Each translation experts has his/her own concepts in perceiving equivalence in translation. In other words, they have different concepts of equivalence. Nida (1964) asserted that "there are two different types of equivalence, namely formal equivalence-which in the second edition by Nida and Taber (1982) is referred to as formal correspondence-and dynamic equivalence".
Moreover, Nida and Taber (1982) claimed that "formal correspondence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content', unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon 'the principle of equivalent effect." Formal equivalence or formal correspondence focuses on the message itself in which the target language resembles the source language in its form and content. In contrast, dynamic equivalence focuses on the function in which the effect of the message in the source language should bring the similar effect to the target language; thus the target readers feel as if they are reading the source text. To Nida, the key to a good translation is the dynamic equivalence because this type of equivalence pays attention to the naturalness which can create the natural effect as it is found in the source language.
Newmark agrees with Nida's theory about the principle of equivalent effect. Newmark (1988) stated that "it has sometimes been said that the overriding purpose of any translation should be to achieve 'equivalent effect', i.e. to produce the same effect (or one as close as possible) on the readership of the translation as obtained on the readership of the original." However, Newmark (1988) also argued that "'equivalent effect is the desirable result, rather than the aim of any translation, bearing in mind that it is an unlikely result in two cases: (a) if the https://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/exposure Exposure: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris purpose of the SL text is to affect and the TL translation is to inform (or vice versa); (b) if there is a pronounced cultural gap between the SL and the TL text." Moreover, untranslatability is closely related to inequivalence. In fact, there are words which cannot be substituted by any words with equivalent meanings in another language. Similarly, certain words in a source language do not exist in a target language. For example, the Indonesian word "tempe" has no equivalent word in English language. The following words are some Indonesian slangs, "jayus", "mager", "gabut", "jaim", which also have no equivalent English words. When finding those slang words, a translator often finds difficulties and must think extra hard to translate them into English. Robinson (2020) defines "untranslatability as a property of a text, or of any utterance, in one language, for which no equivalent text or utterance can be found in another language." This linguistic phenomenon shows a lexical gap among languages.
To overcome the problem, the creation of a translator is the answer. He or she must creatively think to find the closest words in the target language for the untranslatable words. Robinson (2020) also supports the argument by stating that "transcreation skills are required rather than standard translation in order to overcome untranslatability." It means that a translator should translate them innovatively to find the best words for the untranslatable. Robinson's transcreation idea is in line with Newmark (1988) asserting that "there are no absolutes in translation, everything is conditional, any principle (e.g. accuracy) may be in opposition to another (e.g. economy) or at least there may be tension between them." It means that there is no real equivalent translation.
Another problem in translation is grammatical differences. Languages do not share the same grammatical rules. Only languages with the same origins may have the similar grammar, but not exactly the same. As English belongs to the West Germanic language, the grammar in both languages is similar. Whilst, bahasa Indonesia and English are quite different in grammar because they do not come from the same origins, even though they share the same sentence structure.
Both languages uses SVO pattern which begins most of the sentences with subject, verb, and object.
The major difference between bahasa Indonesia and English is in the noun phrase. It often brings a problem to students when translating noun phrases. In come first and the modifier is put behind it, for example: gadis imut, wanita cantik, and janda muda. In contrast, the construction of English noun phrases is different in which the key word comes before the modifier, as exemplified in the following phrases: cute girl, pretty woman, and young widow.

Translation Methods and Techniques
Translation method and technique are the two terms that are mistakenly used interchangeably. Those two terms are quite different. Molina and Albir (2002) asserted that "a distinction should be made between translation method, that is part of the process, a global choice that affects the whole translation, and translation techniques that describe the result and affect smaller sections of the translation." In addition, "translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of the translator's objective, i.e., a global option that affects the whole text." (Molina and Albir, 2002) To simplify, translation method is the umbrella word for translation technique which refers to the entire process of translation. On the other hand, translation technique deals with how a translator translates each part of a text. Nida (2002), identified "four translation methods, namely: interpretativecommunicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic transcodification), free (modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and philological (academic or critical translation)." Since this study focuses on analyzing the translation techniques, the writer finds not necessary to include the detailed explanation about those methods. Molina and Albir (2002) and Nida (2002) proposed eighteen techniques that a translator can use to translate a source language to a target language. The translation techniques are as follows: (1) adaptation, (2) amplification, (3) borrowing, (4) calque, (5) compensation, (6) description, (7) discursive creation, (8) established equivalent, (9) generalization, (10) linguistic amplification, (11) linguistic compression, (12) literal translation, (13) modulation, (14) particularization, (15) reduction, (16) substitution, (17) transposition, and (18) variation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The focus of this study was to identify and explain how the translation techniques are used in the movie English subtitle. The writer found out that qualitative study is the most appropriate design to conduct this study. It is in line with the claim made by Creswell (2012) that in qualitative research, "the inquirer seeks to gather information on a single concept-a central phenomenon", then explores the translation techniques as the central phenomenon of this study.
Moreover, Creswell (2012) asserted that "the researcher seeks a deep understanding of the views of one group or single individuals." Aimed at providing an understanding, this qualitative study enables the writer to conduct data analysis and provide detailed explanations about how the translation techniques are used in the movie subtitle. Creswell (2012) stated that "the qualitative researcher seeks to explore and understand one single phenomenon, and to do so requires considering all of the multiple external forces that shape this phenomenon. To give a deep understanding of the use of the translation techniques in the movie subtitle, this study reveals why and how those techniques are used to provide accurate translation of the movie subtitle. By wrapping this study using qualitative design, this study can effectively and efficiently expose the contributing factors in translation, such as the contexts and the socio-cultural aspects which deal with the use of the translation techniques.
Since this is a qualitative study, the data appeared in the form of words, phrases, and sentences which were transcribed from the spoken dialogues in bahasa Indonesia and the English subtitle. The data were obtained from the movie "Ketika Cinta Bertasbih 1" accessible on a Youtube channel in the following link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzdPpUO92U0.
While watching the movie, the writer focused not only on the dialogs spoken in bahasa Indonesia but also on the English subtitle provided in the movie.
The spoken dialogs were transcribed and the English subtitle was taken into notes to facilitate the data analysis. Those data were then presented in a table.
The collected data were selected by using criteria which deal with the predefined translation problems. This study only selected the data which matched 1. Reading the data from the spoken dialogs in the source language (bahasa Indonesia) and the data from the English subtitle in the target language

RESULT
In the English subtitle of the movie "Ketika Cinta Bertasbih 1", this study found that the translator used various techniques to render bahasa Indonesia as the source language (SL) into English as the target language (TL). The following English.

Adaptation Technique
In this study, adaptation is the most frequent technique used in the English subtitle because this technique provides solutions to translation problems dealing with cultural differences between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL). Molina and Albir (2002: 500) claimed that adaptation refers to replacing a cultural element in a SL text with the one originating from TL culture to make the translation of the original more familiar in the TL. The technique that refers to cultural substitution or cultural equivalent is a cultural element which replaces the original text with one that is better suited to the culture of the target language. Adaptation technique appears in the following data. TL: I'm really sure you will be a great guy.

TL: Thanks Bro
As a product of eastern culture, bahasa Indonesia provides the degree of politeness to address older people or respect someone. As described in Datum 1, Datum 2, and Datum 3, the cultural words mas, mbak, and bang have no equivalent translation in the target language because English users normally call one's name without any titles. This creates inequivalence and untranslatability problems. Thus, the translator used adaptation technique to maintain the politeness by using the terms "bro" and "sis".
the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. Since untranslatability problem occurs in Datum 30 in which the Indonesian term dimadu in the context of polyginy does not exist in English, the use of "co-wife" is appropriate and provides an equivalent meaning. The term dimadu refers to the husband's practice of marrying two or more wives.

Transposition Technique
Molina & Albir ( On the other hand, Datum 16 illustrates the use of naturalized borrowing by modifying the spelling. Instead of using the same exact term by using pure borrowing technique, the term "solehah" was modified by doubling the vowel "e" to fit the spelling rules in TL. The minor spelling modification will not cause any misunderstanding because both terms "solehah" and soleehah have only a slight difference. Datum 3, 13, and 19 exemplify the use of generalization in translation. The sentences in SL using specific terms ("mengawal acara", "entrepreneur", and "ta'meyya abilbeit") are rendered in English by using more general term to simplify the meaning. For example, a typical Cairo food, named ta'meyya abilbeit is translated into food in general. Yet, the results obtained by the use of generalization technique cause the semantic meanings to lose because the meanings are not equivalent. Despite the inequivalence in meaning, this technique is applicable in free translation method usually applied in translating movies and songs.

Compensation Technique
The translation technique lastly discussed in this study is compensation technique which appear only once in the English subtitle, especially in Datum 4. Molina & Albir (2002: 500)  In English, the pronoun "you" is used to address the partner in speaking, whereas there are informal and formal versions in French (tu and vous), in German (du and sie) and in Spanish (tú and usted). To maintain the politeness, Indonesian culture also provides the degree of formality which is expressed in several ways, but not present in English.
To maintain politeness, an Indonesian girl is not supposed to use the pronoun "you" to address a boy whom she does not know very well. Instead, the use of mas followed by the name is more acceptable to maintain the politeness as exemplified in Datum 4. Conversely, English users do not assume the use of "you" by a girl to address a boy as something impolite. In other words, it is common and acceptable. Hence, a translator has freedom to replace elements that are inherent in SL with items that are native to TL when using compensation technique. However, a translator who uses compensation technique must have a deeper knowledge of the source and target languages, as well as the ability to have a higher level of understanding that goes beyond literal translation. Adaptation technique is dominantly used (10 times) in the English subtitle because the movie is full of Indonesian cultural terms. Transposition is also frequently used (9 times) because of the grammatical differences between the source language (bahasa Indonesia) and the target language (English). Borrowing technique appears 7 times, whereas generalization technique occurs 3 times. The last technique is compensation which is only used once.

CONCLUSION
This study also exposes some common problems in the field of translation, such as cultural differences, inequivalence, untranslatability, and grammatical differences. Unarguably, the cultural differences cause other problems in translation, namely inequivalence, untranslatability, and grammatical differences.
The source language and the target language come from different cultures which definitely make translation activity more challenging because many terms in the source language have no equivalent meaning in the target language, thus leading to untranslatability. Moreover, the grammatical differences also make translation more complicated.
The five translation techniques written earlier are applied in different ways to solve the problems in translation. First, adaptation technique, which refers to the cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, is a technique used to solve problems dealing with cultural elements. It is used by replacing the source language with one that is better suited to the culture of the target language.
Second, transposition is used to fill the gaps resulting from grammatical differences in both languages. Third, borrowing is the solution when certain terms are not translatable. Next, generalization is used to simplify the meanings.
Finally, compensation is used by involving the stylistics effects in the target language.
This study has been set to the limitation of using Molina and Albir's translation techniques used to analyze the English subtitle of the movie "Ketika Cinta Bertasbih 1". Therefore, it is recommended for future researchers to conduct further studies using other techniques proposed by other experts in the field of translation. Moreover, the movie as the object of this study also provides limited techniques involved in translating spoken language into the English subtitle. Thus, more studies should be conducted to analyze the translation